The effect of training variables (such as intensity, duration and frequency) on the choice of energysubstrate (carbohydrate or fat or protein)

For many years and especially in the last few years, scientific research related to identifying the method ofincreasing strength and endurance in athletes and non-athletes has always been of interest, and in this regard,while introducing various methods, special tools have been introduced to increase strength and endurance. As aresult, it is difficult for many people to choose the best training intensity at the beginning among various trainingmethods. It is necessary to provide a clear picture of new information along with providing a simple, logical andindividual approach to strength training. Resistance training is one of the training methods that has attracted a lotof attention in recent years. Strength training, hypertrophy, muscle strength. It increases muscular endurance andhealth status. Different people do resistance exercises with different goals such as improving sports performance,increasing lean mass and reducing body fat, increasing strength and increasing muscle mass. A properly designedand consistently implemented resistance training program can meet any of these goals. Most of the people whodo weight training recreationally and for health have the goal of gaining strength and muscle mass. Manyresistance training systems can create a significant increase in muscle strength and volume by manipulating thebasic variables of this type of training (such as turns, repetitions, resistance and intensity) and rest intervals (Gainiand Rajabi, ۲۰۱۲). Although muscle strength is the basis of performing sports movements and many sports scienceexperts consider it to be the most important factor in physical fitness and performing heavy movements, andcoaches and athletes of various sports disciplines formulate their resistance training programs based on this, butthe manipulation of several Variables in the training program of athletes include the type of exercises, order ofmovements or activities, training intensity, rest periods between activities as well as the number of trainingsessions, until stimulation and recovery periods at the beginning of resistance training in non-athletes are optimallyprovided, causing the least damage. muscle, inflammatory reaction and antioxidant response. In this chapter, weintend to examine the general effects of resistance training on muscle injuries (Ganji, ۹۹).Obesity and metabolic syndrome are characterized by a systemic disorder in the body that leads to an increasedrisk of cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, desnotrin, FNDC۵ and adiponectin are effective proteins in fatmetabolism and are disturbed by obesity and metabolic syndrome. Regarding the importance of exercise inpreventing obesity, Mr. Saeed Rahmati (۲۰۱۶) conducted a research titled comparing two types of very intenseand continuous intermittent exercise programs on the expression of desnotrin, adiponectin and FNDC۵ genes intwo subcutaneous abdominal fat tissues and quadriceps muscles of rats. The fat man agreed. For this purpose, ۶۰male Wistar rats (۸-۱۰ weeks old with an average weight of ۲۲۰ ± ۵ grams) were given two groups of high-fatdiet (۵۹% fat) and standard diet (Chow) for ۱۲ weeks. (N=۱۰) were divided. In order to investigate the basicvalues of desnotrin, adiponectin and FNDC۵ gene expression in abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue and quadricepsmuscle tissue, ۱۰ rats from the high-fat diet group (N=۱۰) and ۱۰ rats from the standard diet group (N=۱۰) , wereexterminated. Then the remaining ۴۰ high-fat diet rats were randomly divided into ۴ groups: high-fat control(n=۱۰), standard control (n=۱۰), continuous exercise (n=۱۰) and very intense intermittent exercise (n=۱۰). .Continuous (۸۰% VO۲max) and very intense intermittent (۹۵-۱۰۰% VO۲max) exercise training was performedin compliance with the overload principle for ۶ weeks and ۶ sessions per week. ۴۸ hours after the last trainingsession, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and quadriceps muscle were extracted and the gene expressionlevels of related variables were measured by RT-PCR method. The statistical method of the research wasindependent t and one-way ANOVA. Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine differences between groups ata significance level of p<۰.۰۵. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the high-fatdiet group and the standard diet group in the baseline values of desnotrin gene expression (P=۰.۲۵) and adiponectin(P=۰.۲۳) in abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue. However, there was a significant difference between the twogroups in the baseline values of desnotrin gene expression (P=۰.۰۴) and FNDC۵ (P=۰.۰۵) in quadriceps muscletissue. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the groups of continuous training and veryintense intermittent training in the expression of desnotrin gene (P=۰.۰۰۱) and adiponectin (P=۰.۰۴۰) in thesubcutaneous fat tissue, but the gene expression of desnotrin (P=۰.۲۷۵) and FNDC۵ (P =۰.۹۸۱) there was nosignificant difference in quadriceps muscle tissue. Compared to the standard control group, very intensecontinuous and intermittent training caused a significant increase in the expression of the desnotrin gene insubcutaneous adipose tissue (P<۰.۰۰۱). However, the level of adiponectin gene expression in the same tissue washigher in the standard control group compared to continuous training (P=۰.۰۳۳) and very intense intermittenttraining (P=۰.۰۰۴) and had a statistically significant difference. In addition, the level of expression of desnotringene (P=۰.۶۵۱) and FNDC۵ (P=۰.۱۸۳) in the quadriceps muscle tissue was not significant between the continuoustraining group and the standard control, but there was a significant difference between the very intense intermittenttraining group and the standard control (P=۰.۰۱۶). ). Finally, the expression level of FNDC۵ gene in quadricepsmuscle tissue was not significant between the very intense interval training group and the standard control group(P=۰.۴۷۵). According to the findings of the research, it seems that exercise, regardless of its type, along with astandard diet, can be a suitable way to deal with obesity-related diseases by affecting the proteins that are effectivein fat metabolism. Also, very intense interval training with less time compared to continuous training has a greatereffect on weight loss (Rahmati, ۲۰۱۶).